Satellite, UAV, and Geophysical Data to Identify Surface and Subsurface Hydrodynamics of Geographically Isolated Wetlands: Understanding an Undervalued Ecosystem at the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado Interface of Brazil

In two small and isolated wetlands located at the interface of Atlantic Forest Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) in São Paulo State, Brazil, we employed a pixel-based supervised classification approach using combination panchromatic multispectral bands obtained from Landsat 2, 5, 7, CBERS-04A satellites (ranging 80 to 2 m/pixel). addition, acquired DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAV-RGB images twelve different periods with resolution +5 cm/pixel. Furthermore, utilized 2D 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) obtain data on surroundings center wetlands. Finally, conducted climatological analysis. The results multisource allowed us classify ecosystems as geographically (GIWs), for which documented seasonal month-to-month (12 months) spatial variation inundated area, vegetation pattern, soil water interaction, point surface deep-subsurface interaction. These are essential high-accuracy characterization wetlands’ hydrodynamics hydroperiods local scale. Our study contributes optimizing GIWs understanding, monitoring, reapplication methodology other or ecosystems.